ចង់ធ្វើកូនល្អ! (បទពំនោល)

ពុកម៉ែចិញ្ចឹមដល់ធំ ទូន្មានអប់រំ រៀបចំឱ្យកូនសិក្សា ។ រៀនចេះចប់មានស្នេហា លុះបានរៀបការ មាតាជួយមើលចៅទៀត ។ ដូច្នេះកូនល្អត្រូវឆ្លៀត ប្រឹងតាមលទ្ធិភាព ជួយញ្ញាតិជួយឱពុកម្តាយ ។ កូនល្អត្រូវគិតវែងឆ្ងាយ ចេញមុខដោះស្រាយ ពេលម្តាយឱពុកជួបទុក្ខ ។ ត្រូវជួយធុរៈសព្វមុខ គាត់មានក្តីសុខ ផុតទុក្ខក៏ព្រោះកូនល្អ ។ ពូជពង្សកិត្តិយសបវរ ពុកម្តាយត្រេចអរ កូនល្អគាត់មោទនភាព ។ សងគុណខែភ្លឺមិនឃ្លាត ពុកម៉ែសាច់ញ្ញាតិ រស់បៀតជួបជុំរួមគ្នា ។ តែផ្តាំផ្តាច់រឿងផ្តន្ទា ឈ្នានីសនិងគ្នា ចងពារកាប់ចាក់បងប្អូន ។ បំផ្លាញសម្បត្តិឱយសូន្យ ពុកម៉ែព្រាត់កូន ទ្រព្យសូន្យរស់តោកយ៉ាកហើយ ។ គិតគូរកុំនៅកន្តើយ គូសវាស់ឱ្យហើយ ចំលើយគឺដើរផ្លូវត្រូវ ។ ព្រហ្មវិហារធម៌ជាផ្លូវ កេរ្តិ៍ឈ្មោះគង់នៅ តទៅចំពោះកូនចៅ ។ វិជ្ជាការងារជួយដៅ ប្រែភាពសោកសៅ សំដៅរកវឌ្ឍនភាព ។ គិតពីខ្លួនឯង គិតពីឱពុកម្តាយ គិតពីសាច់ញ្ញាតិ គិតពីគ្រួសារ ក៏គិតពីសង្គមដែរ ។ តែកុំភ្លេចពាក្យថា ធ្វើបុណ្យទាន់ខែភ្លឺ ជូនក្តីស្រលាញ់ចំពោះឱពុកម្តាយឱ្យបានច្រើន ។ និពន្ធសំរាប់អានកំសាន្តដោយនាយ ស៊ីម៉ុច (Simuch Pursat)

កំនើតស្នេហ៍ខ្ញុំ!

១៩ May ២០១១ ជាថ្ងៃទីមួយបងស្គាល់ស្រី ជជែកគ្នាលេងគ្រប់សេចក្តី ពិសេសនិស្ស័យការរស់នៅ ។ រាល់ពេលជជែកហាក់ស្គាល់ចិត្ត ហាក់ដូចស្គាល់មិត្តយ៉ាងជ្រាលជ្រៅ មិត្តប្រាប់រឿងរ៉ាវកន្លងទៅ រឿងរ៉ាវរស់នៅរឿងសិក្សា ។ ប្រឹងប្រែងរៀនសូត្រឆ្នាំទី៣ ស្ទើរគ្រប់រាត្រីសូត្រតំរ៉ា ប្រឹងធ្វើលំហាត់ពីសាលា ធ្វើអស់កិច្ចការទើបហ៊ានគេង ។ ព្រឹកឆ្លៀតធ្វើការរកកំរៃ ឆ្លៀតរៀនពេលថ្ងៃស្ទើរសង្រេង លុះល្ងាចមកដល់ធ្វើការផ្សេង បង្រៀនក្មេងៗផ្តល់ចំនេះ ។ វិលដល់ផ្ទះភ្លាមទុកសៀវភៅ រួចរួសរាន់ទៅផ្សារក្បែរផ្ទះ ជួយលក់ដូរម្តាយឥតប្រហែស ជួយធ្វើការផ្ទះដោយញញឹម។ អូនមានតំរិះចរិយាល្អ រួសរាយស្មោះសចិត្តប្រិយប្រិម បងលួចសសើរដោយសង្ឃឹម ថាបានញញឹមក្បែរកាយស្រី ។ លុះថ្ងៃមួយបងសួរអូនថា តើបុរសណាទើបប្រពៃ ទើបអូនសុខចិត្តស្នេហ៍ភក្តី សូមពៅលកលៃប្រាប់តាមការណ៍ ។ អូនរៀបរ៉ាប់ថាលុះត្រាតែ បុរសដែលស្នេហ៍ពិតស្នេហា ជាស្នេហាពិតមិនសាវា យល់ចិត្តខ្ញុំណាទើបខ្ញុំព្រម ។ ហើយត្រូវតែជាមនុស្សដែលល្អ មានចិត្តស្មោះសចេះថែរទាំ ស្រលាញ់គ្រួសារខ្ញុំចេះអត់ទ្រាំ និស្សិយចិត្តផ៊្សំាសមនិងខ្ញុំ ។ ឮហើយរីករាយចង់ផ្សារចិត្ត ភ្ជាប់និស្ស័យពិតចិត្តសុខុម បងលួចស្នេហ៍អូនចង់ផ្តើមសុំ សុំស្នេហ៍មាសមុំតាមfacebook ។ (នៅមានត...) និពន្ធសំរាប់អានកំសាន្តដោយនាយ ស៊ីម៉ុច (Simuch Pursat)

អនុស្សាវរីយ៍ថ្ងៃទី១៩ខែJune២០១១!

អនុស្សាវរីយ៍ថ្ងៃទី១៩ខែJune២០១១! ១៩ខែJune២០១១ ក្នុងចិត្តរែងព្រួយព្រោះសន្យា ម៉ោង២កន្លះនៅSovanna ជួបពិភាក្សារឿងជីវិត ។ ជីវិតសិក្សាជីវិតគាប់ ជីវិតផ្សាភ្ជាប់ពីរឿងពិត ពីតូចដល់ធំរឿងជីវិត បច្ចុប្បន្នអាឌិតអនាគត ។ ជជែកសប្បាយផ្ទុះសំណើច ផ្ទុះចេញស្នាមសើចចិត្តស្រយុត ឃើញស្នាមញញឹមពិតរន្ធត់ ស្អាតចិត្តមោះមុតខំសិក្សា ។ ខំប្រឹងឱយខ្លាំងណាប្អូនស្រី ប្រឹងប្រែងខ្មាតខ្មីគ្រប់កិច្ចការ ទាំងការងារផ្ទះនិងសាលា ការងារសិក្សាឆ្នាំទីបី ។ នៅ១ឆ្នាំទៀតប្រឹងតស៊ូ អូនកុំរអ៊ូឬខ្ចិលអី សន្សំចំនេះវិជ្ជាថ្មី ការងារប្រពៃបានខ្ជាប់ខ្ជួន ។ បានការងារហើយពិតពិសេស អូនប្រើចំនេះចិញ្ចឹមខ្លួន រៀបចំជីវិតបានមាំមួន ពុកម្តាយនឹមនួនសប្បាយក្រៃ ។ (ខំប្រឹងសិក្សាណា ពេលវេលាមិនយឺតទេ វេលាដើរលឿនណាស់!) និពន្ធសំរាប់អានកំសាន្តដោយនាយ ស៊ីម៉ុច (Simuch Pursat)

My father-side grand mother;

My mother-side grandparents.

បេះដូងតែមួយ!
បេះដូងកូនជាបេះដូងពុកម៉ែ លោកទាំងទ្វេរថែររាល់កូនគ្រប់ប្រាណ
មិនអោយលំបាកចិត្តកាយសន្តាន ប្រាថ្នាចង់បានអោយកូនៗសុខ។
បើកូនធ្វើបាបបេះដូងខ្លួនឯង ពុកសែនចំបែងម៉ែមិនស្រណុក
ហាក់ដូចបង្កើនបង្កើតជាទុក្ខ បាត់បង់ក្តីសុខទាំងកាយទាំងចិត្ត ។
បើអ្នកណាធ្វើបាបបេះដូងកូន ពុកម៉ែស្ទើរសូន្យហើយសែនអាណិត
ព្រោះក្តីស្រលាញ់ព្រោះក្តីពេញចិត្ត បេះដូងពុកម៉ែពិតជាឈឺផ្សារ ។
សរុបសេចក្តីពុកម៉ែសប្បាយ ព្រោះកូនឆោមឆាយកូនបានផ្លែផ្កា
មិនឈឺបេះដូងរីករៃខ្លោចផ្សារ បេះដូងកូនណាពុកម៉ែតែងគិត ។
កូនជាឈើដោលពុកម៉ែជាក្បូន ជួយចំលងកូនដល់ត្រើយឆ្ងាយជិត
សូមកូនជួយដោលសូមកូនជួយគិត គ្រួសារល្អពិតត្រូវចេះសាមគ្គី ។
កូនកត្តញ្ញូចេះរក្សាបេះដូង ដូចរក្សាក្បូនពីភាពញ៉មញី
ក្បូនដូចពុកម៉ែយើងទាំងពីរ លោកប្រឹងសំភីដើម្បីកូនៗ ។

បំណងល្អពី លោក អុឹម សុីម៉ុច

My Parents and Sisters

Life is so complicated.

Some of the variables in physical attraction
Here are some of the physical attraction variables that are important to different
people. A few of these may be critical variables to you, but each is critical to
someone.
• Hair: length, type (curly, straight, long, short), color, texture
• Facial features: shape, width, length
• Skin color: texture and feel
• Body shape: sexual features, legs, neck, lip tension, taste
• Feel of the skin and flesh: hardness, softness
• Voice tone: timbre, pace, softness, hardness, high or low
• Sense of humor: laugh, giggle
• Smell: skin, hair, breath
• Gestures: head, hands, and arm movements
• Posture: carriage, roundness, straightness
• Tension level of the body: relaxed, tense
• Height: tall, short, medium
• Weight: light, heavy
• Energy level: calm, intense, easy-going, hard driving
• Gait: walking, running
• Confidence level: cocky, shy, confident
©

Happy New Year

Hi...Happy New Year all my friends....

Just Come Back

Hi, every body... I am out from here for long time...
I just come back..

Miss all of my friends and welcome for making friends.

I feel so sorrow when my grandpa died on 18 Nov 2008 in the evening.

Introduction of Fiber Optic

I- Abstract
BRIEF OVER VIEW OF FIBER OPTIC CABLE ADVANTAGES OVER COPPER:
• SPEED : Fiber optic networks operate at high speeds - up into the gigabits
• BANDWIDTH : large carrying capacity
• DISTANCE : Signals can be transmitted further without needing to be "refreshed" or strengthened.
• RESISTANCE : Greater resistance to electromagnetic noise such as radios, motors or other nearby cables.
• MAINTENANCE : Fiber optic cables costs much less to maintain.
In recent years it has become apparent that fiber-optics are steadily replacing copper wire as an appropriate means of communication signal transmission. They span the long distances between local phone systems as well as providing the backbone for many network systems. Other system users include cable television services, university campuses, office buildings, industrial plants, and electric utility companies.
A fiber-optic system is similar to the copper wire system that fiber-optics is replacing. The difference is that fiber-optics use light pulses to transmit information down fiber lines instead of using electronic pulses to transmit information down copper lines. Looking at the components in a fiber-optic chain will give a better understanding of how the system works in conjunction with wire based systems.
At one end of the system is a transmitter. This is the place of origin for information coming on to fiber-optic lines. The transmitter accepts coded electronic pulse information coming from copper wire. It then processes and translates that information into equivalently coded light pulses. A light-emitting diode (LED) or an injection-laser diode (ILD) can be used for generating the light pulses. Using a lens, the light pulses are funneled into the fiber-optic medium where they transmit themselves down the line.
Think of a fiber cable in terms of very long cardboard roll (from the inside roll of paper towel) that is coated with a mirror.
If you shine a flashlight in one you can see light at the far end - even if bent the roll around a corner.
Light pulses move easily down the fiber-optic line because of a principle known as total internal reflection. "This principle of total internal reflection states that when the angle of incidence exceeds a critical value, light cannot get out of the glass; instead, the light bounces back in. When this principle is applied to the construction of the fiber-optic strand, it is possible to transmit information down fiber lines in the form of light pulses.

II- Introduction
Fiber optics is the branch of science and engineering concerned with optical fibers.
The optical fiber can be used as a medium for telecommunication and networking because it is flexible and can be bundled as cables. Although fibers can be made out of either plastic or glass, the fibers used in long-distance telecommunications applications are always glass, because of the lower optical absorption of glass. The light transmitted through the fiber is confined due to total internal reflection within the material. This is an important property that eliminates signal crosstalk between fibers within the cable and allows the routing of the cable with twists and turns. In telecommunications applications, the light used is typically infrared light, at wavelengths near to the minimum absorption wavelength of the fiber in use.
Fibers are generally used in pairs, with one fiber of the pair carrying a signal in each direction, however bidirectional communications is possible over one strand by using two different wavelengths (colors) and appropriate coupling/splitting devices.
Fibers, like waveguides, can have various transmission modes. The fibers used for long-distance communication are known as single mode fibers, as they have only one strong propagation mode. This results in superior performance compared to other, multi-mode fibers, where light transmitted in the different modes arrives at different times, resulting in dispersion of the transmitted signal. Typical single mode fiber optic cables can sustain transmission distances of 80 to 140 km between regenerations of the signal, whereas most multi-mode fiber have a maximum transmission distance of 300 to 500 meter. Note that single mode equipment is generally more expensive than multi-mode equipment. Fibers used in telecommunications typically have a diameter of 125 µm. The transmission core of single-mode fiber most commonly have a diameter of 9 µm, while multi-mode cores are available with 50 µm or 62.5 µm diameters.
Because of the remarkably low loss and excellent linearity and dispersion behavior of single-mode optical fiber, data rates of up to 40 Gbit/s are possible in real-world use on a single wavelength. Wavelength division multiplexing can then be used to allow many wavelengths to be used at once on a single fiber, allowing a single fiber to bear an aggregate bandwidth measured in terabits per second.
Modern fiber cables can contain up to a thousand fibers in a single cable, so the performance of optical networks easily accommodate even today's demands for bandwidth on a point-to-point basis. However, unused point-to-point potential bandwidth does not translate to operating profits, and it is estimated that no more than 1% of the optical fiber buried in recent years is actually 'lit'.
Modern cables come in a wide variety of sheathings and armor, designed for applications such as direct burial in trenches, installation in conduit, lashing to aerial telephone poles, submarine installation, or insertion in paved streets. In recent years the cost of small fiber-count pole mounted cables has greatly decreased due to the high Japanese and South Korean demand for Fiber to the Home (FTTH) installations.
Recent advances in fiber technology have reduced losses so far that no amplification of the optical signal is needed over distances of hundreds of kilometers. This has greatly reduced the cost of optical networking, particularly over undersea spans where the cost reliability of amplifiers is one of the key factors determining the performance of the whole cable system. In the past few years several manufacturers of submarine cable line terminal equipment have introduced upgrades that promise to quadruple the capacity of older submarine systems installed in the early to mid 1990s..
III- Background

Company profile
Neeka LTD have been a market leader in the field of Information Technology in this market since 1992 . We belong to Thakral Brother (PTE) LTD based in Singapore and its group companies had a turn of over about US$ 1.5 million and have about 13.000 employee working worldwide . We operate in over 28 countries across the world. Thakral Cambodia Limited is representative office for Parent Company “ Thakral Brother Pte., Ltd “ in Cambodia we operate under Neeka Limited , the company has full trading license .
Neeka, founded in 1991 , a subsidiary of Thrakral Group of Company , a group with full operational presence in as many as 28 countries across South East Asia , Indian Subcontinent , Middle East and Europe. Neeka / Thakral provides customers with both business and technology based solutions and is a supplier of full range of hardware from leading manufacturers . Neeka is truly a one-stop service partner, solution provider .
Neeka , the integrator , has extensive expertise , encompassing consulting , integration and managed services, in all areas of modern information and Communication Technology ( ICT ) for local area network (LAN) , metropolitan area network (MAN), wide area networks (WAN) , Virtual Private Network (VPN) , network access and security , surveillance and networked applications.
Engineer background
• Our Engineers are graduated in Master Degree and Bachelor Degree in relating field .
• 8 years Experience engineer will be allocated to complete the project.
• Executed more than 25 Major Projects.
• Having hands on experience of cable routing /laying cables /testing procedures.



IV = Problem Statement

New building with extra clients
Currently we have one building as Head Office and now customer has contraction two more new building , are Building A and Building B and each building have 40 computers in separated floor , Ground Floor with 18 computers and First Floor have 22 Computer

Long Distant
From Head Office to Building A , measures length was 800 meters and from Building A to Building B 1400 meters , so that the network connectivity between these three location we can not propose the customer to use another backbone technologies because according to our site study on .

Backbone Connectivity
Regarding to two new locations that are long distant which have mention above , we’ r going to use Fiber Optical Cable Single mode with diameter 9 micron which is provide high bandwidth reliable and flexible wavelength , can then be used to allow many wavelengths to be used at once on a single fiber, allowing a single fiber to bear an aggregate bandwidth measured in terabits per second.

Dataflow / Bandwidth
For back bone connectivity that have long distant like we have mentions , It is really true that we could not connect sunshield twist paired cable ( UTP ) as a backbone and second things is data rates , in this case you may think about wireless or microwave but we come through site study area then you will know that this option could not be set it up , because dataflow and bandwidth are not reliable at those are , which have so many interference and reflection cause by wall of high building , Tree, etc…

For this case customer need to have backbone connection with gigabit data transfer rate and reliable connection. And for this option customer need to have good technology of products , good branch and easily to troubleshoot or also easy to find the part for replacement. So this referred to product and media type ..

No Security
For our project now we are going to talk about internal security (LAN) , because whenever we have interconnection network which have few segments and mostly will face problem with data or information sharing , if we are looking to existing system set up , they have 1 Domain Controller ,1 Additional Domain and ,1 Data Center Server , 1 Proxy Server so all clients’ data were keep in Data Center Server only and those resource are shared to particular user only , that make more securities for they own data. Another things is Data Center Server have do backup every day into the Tape , and also don’t forget about WAN Security which is for internet and mail sharing , and whenever our LAN connection has integrated with WAN then 100 % sure we will face the problem like , Viruses , Hacker, etc.. so to maintain this we have to think more and how to solve this issue , see the following ..


What Should I Do, To Secure My Computer ?

- Install and Use Anti-Virus Programs
- Keep Your System Patched
- Use Care When Reading Email with Attachments
- Install and Use a Firewall Program
- Make Backups of Important Files and Folders
- Use Strong Passwords
- Use Care When Downloading and Installing Programs
- Install and Use a Hardware Firewall
- Install and Use a File Encryption Program and Access Controls

Note :
As long as you follow the above 9 steps , you will get more secure and plus Data Backup .. as bellow.

No Data backup
For our project here you have understand already for what we are going to do , is interconnection between 3 locations , and each building they have many computers working on LAN , but data have been stored on their own computer only , as you known already , whenever data have been stored on that local Hard Drive in user computer which is not safety place to keep or longer storage because client PCs are not reliable at any time , hundred reason that can make those PCs fail . So only things is we have to as or to do data backup or online transaction to Central Server that have bigger Disk Space and reliable Server , and Center Server also need to do backup as every day into the Tape .

No reports for Internet Usage
Our project now is upgraded from old system setup that have WAN connection separately and also spend much cost for each connection but bandwidth slow with no reports at all . Now we are going to cut down smaller connection and connecting to main proxy server because our Proxy Server have connected to the internet through leased line with higher bandwidth , our proxy server can generated reports according to particular user accounts or by IP address ..Ex :

* User account “ user1” with IP address 192.168.0.100 have access to website :
www.xxxx.com
* User account “ user1” with IP address 192.168.0.100 permit have download 2Mb per-day
only etc.. as we can do event cost also .

No online data update
This case also main issue for users , before upgraded backbone connection all the users need to copied source into Diskette , CD , Flash from one of PCs in Building A and pasted on another PCs at difference locations that is take time to processed otherwise they have to send through email for small size of data and this also costly including time delay , but after we upgraded every body can share resource and access information online immediately no more delay according to administrator permission ..
V - Executive Summary

Assign Engineer with experience related to project case
After got the proposal from Customer then Service Department schedule meeting time to meet Engineers and assign the jobs , let experiences engineers handle this case with site study first , if you want to know our engineer experience please go to Engineer Background session .

Site Study
Engineers go to Customer place and meet the person who involved in this project and study the location’s environment , discussion on problem statements , current existing systems etc ..

Design and Analyzing
After engineers got the report from field those is site study diagrams then drawing as design plan with Microsoft Office Visio , including measures length between each location as for customer requirements . Design the place where to keep indoor equipments let it safe.

Make proper holes or roots for outdoor optical cable laying event deep grounding or Air pole laying .

Proper hole or roots for indoor optical cable like trunk, pipe or conduit etc.

Entities related to do the project , Security Guards, Electrical Engineer, or who are involved in this project or who is the main power decision .

Products requirements must meet our project plans which take from factory certifications branches and all items as indoor , outdoor equipments should have specific data rate , bandwidth , media type , number of core , Core Switch , Distribute Switches and Access Switches .

Durations to completed the project , assign engineer referred to project limitation time or need more assistances and assign accordingly .

Extra items need to buy some more, please check that it is in our scope or out of scope .

Optical Cabling
Fibers, like waveguides, can have various transmission modes. The fibers used for long-distance communication are known as single mode fibers, as they have only one strong propagation mode. This results in superior performance compared to other, multi-mode fibers, where light transmitted in the different modes arrives at different times, resulting in dispersion of the transmitted signal. Typical single mode fiber optic cables can sustain transmission distances of 80 to 140 km between regenerations of the signal, whereas most multi-mode fiber have a maximum transmission distance of 300 to 500 meters. Note that single mode equipment is generally more expensive than multi-mode equipment. Fibers used in telecommunications typically have a diameter of 125 µm. The transmission core of single-mode fibers most commonly have a diameter of 9 µm, while multi-mode cores are available with 50 µm or 62.5 µm diameters. But for our project , we are using Single Mode Cable with 6 cores for outdoor, please look at whole network diagram bellow.




















Logical Diagram
































• Outdoor Cable












There are three types of fiber optic cable commonly used: single mode, multimode and plastic optical fiber (POF).
Transparent glass or plastic fibers which allow light to be guided from one end to the other with minimal loss.
Fiber optic cable functions as a "light guide," guiding the light introduced at one end of the cable through to the other end. The light source can either be a light-emitting diode (LED)) or a laser.
The light source is pulsed on and off, and a light-sensitive receiver on the other end of the cable converts the pulses back into the digital ones and zeros of the original signal.
Even laser light shining through a fiber optic cable is subject to loss of strength, primarily through dispersion and scattering of the light, within the cable itself. The faster the laser fluctuates, the greater the risk of dispersion. Light strengtheners, called repeaters, may be necessary to refresh the signal in certain applications.
While fiber optic cable itself has become cheaper over time - a equivalent length of copper cable cost less per foot but not in capacity. Fiber optic cable connectors and the equipment needed to install them are still more expensive than their copper counterparts.
But in this case for our project we are going to use the single mode optical fiber , so please you fell free to look at Single mode and Outdoor because the central core is composed of a dielectric with a dielectric jacket or steel strength member. The individual gel-filled subunit buffer tubes are positioned around the central strength member. Within the subunit buffer tube, six fibers are positioned around an optional dielectric strength member. The individual fibers have a strippable buffer coating. All six subunit buffer tubes are enclosed within a binder that contains an interstitial filling or water-blocking compound. An outer strength member, typically constructed of aramid Kevlar strength members encloses the binder. The outer strength member is surrounded by an inner medium-density polyethylene (MDPE) jacket. The corrugated steel armor layer between the outer high-density polyethylene (HDPE) jacket, and the inner MDPE jacket acts as an external strength member and provides physical protection. Conventional deep-water submarine cables use dual armor and a special hermetically sealed copper tube to protect the fibers from the effects of deep-water environments.
Single Mode cable is a single stand of glass fiber with a diameter of 8.3 to 10 microns that has one mode of transmission. Single Mode Fiber with a relatively narrow diameter, through which only one mode will propagate typically 1310 or 1550nm. Carries higher bandwidth than multimode fiber, but requires a light source with a narrow spectral width. Synonymes monomode optical fibre, single mode Fibre, single mode optical waveguide, uni-mode fibre.
Single-mode fiber gives you a higher transmission rate and up to 50 times more distance than multimode, but it also costs more. Single-mode fiber has a much smaller core than multimode. The small core and single light-wave virtually eliminate any distortion that could result from overlapping light pulses, providing the least signal attenuation and the highest transmission speeds of any fiber cable type.

Single-mode optical fiber is an optical fiber in which only the lowest order bound mode can propagate at the wavelength of interest typically 1300 to 1320nm.



















• Indoor Cable








shows a typical multi-fiber, inside-plant cable system. The central core is composed of a dielectric strength member with a dielectric jacket. The individual fibers are positioned around the dielectric strength member. The individual fibers have a strippable buffer coating. Typically, the strippable buffer is a 900- m tight buffer. Each individual coated fiber is surrounded with a subunit jacket. Aramid yarn strength members surround the individual subunits. Some cable systems have an outer strength member that provides protection to the entire enclosed fiber system. Kevlar is a typical material used for constructing the outer strength member for premise cable systems.

But remember that for our project , we are not going to use multi-fibers as shown above , because we have only few connections for indoor unit , please go to the top page which showing Logical Diagram and we use patch cord cable instead of this , it also for indoor use , so please come to see patch cord cable ..


• Patch cord cable



















Patch cord is made with glass fibers. Provide very little variation in the signal they carry over long distances. The full potential speed fiber optic cabling can carry even with Gigabit technology. These cables have greater bandwidth than electrical transmission through wires. And mostly we use to connected from adapter in wall mount to via switch which have media optic interface connector and this cable has two types :
1- Simplex cable has a single fiber and single connector.
2- Duplex has two fibers usually side by side in style and also dual connectors.
Mode is a single electromagnetic field pattern that travels in fiber.
Single mode is an optical fiber, with a small core (2-9 microns that supports one mode). The mode size (standard ie 8.3/125) is stamped on the yellow cable jacket. Single mode is most commonly used for high speed, long distance applications.
Multimode is an optical fiber with a core (25-200 microns) that supports several modes. The core commonly 62.5/125 or 50/125 is stamped on the cable jacket.
Always check equipment requirements or the fiber optic cable jacket to determine which core size you need. Multimode is most commonly used for lower speed, short distance applications.
And both of types are commonly used Connectors as ST,SC, LC and FC or MT-RJ , those we can select according to media type of GBIC and Adapter , remember our project use connector “ SC-SC “ . And to order the part cord cable first please look around end to end connections type eg:
Let say , we want to have all interconnections with fiber optic in gigabit and single mode , so
1- Order outdoor fiber optic cable as Single Mode
2- Order Wall mount with Adapter as Single Mode
3- Order Connector as Single Mode
4- Order Patch Cord as Single Mode
5- Order GBIC as Single Mode
6- Order Switch with Support Single Mode
7- Check all type of connectors of end cables
And now what GBIC that we are going to use ( SC, ST, LC, UTP , MT-RJ ) in our project is SC media interface type so we should order one end of our patch cord is SC connector and other end , we need to check the Adapter media type , but for sure our adapter is also SC then patch cord cable is SC-SC connectors.


• GBIC ( Gigabit Interface Converter )
• SFP ( Small Form factor Plug )







Gigabit Interface Converter (GBIC) is used for backbone inter-network connection between one segment to another segments and support with few kind of medias type like UTP , LC , SC , MT-RJ but for optical purpose it does have LC, SC, MT-RJ and these three kinds working with single mode and multimode . And we can easily note that which label are support Single Mode , please look at bellow !

No Items Describe Media interface Fiber Type Part Number
1

1000BASE-SX GBIC Transceiver SC fiber Multi-mode 3CGBIC91
2 1000BASE-LX GBIC Transceiver SC fiber Multi-Mode, Single-Mode 3CGBIC92
3
1000BASE-LH SFP Transceiver LC Single-mode 3CSFP97
4

1000BASE-LX SFP Transceiver LC Multi-Mode, Single-Mode 3CSFP92
5 1000BASE-T GBIC Transceiver UTP one RJ-45 1000BASE-T 3CGBIC93A

1000BASE-LH SFP Transceiver
Flexibility in Gigabit Ethernet Connections

This SFP (Small Form-factor Plug-in) transceiver enables one 1000BASE-LH connection. SFPs have a form factor one-half the size of current industry standards.

SFPs can be mixed and matched on a given switch to maximize flexibility. However, the connection and associated port at the remote end must match the chosen SFP connection type.

1 - 1000BASE-SX GBIC Transceiver
Flexible Gigabit Ethernet Connections

A Gigabit Interface Converter (GBIC) is an industry-standard modular transceiver that offers increased flexibility for Gigabit Ethernet connections.

This GBIC transceiver can be used in those 3Com switches and modules which support GBIC modules. GBICs can be mixed and matched on a given switch to maximize flexibility.

2 - 1000BASE-LX GBIC Transceiver
Flexible Gigabit Ethernet Connections

A Gigabit Interface Converter (GBIC) is an industry-standard modular transceiver that offers increased flexibility for Gigabit Ethernet connections.

This GBIC transceiver can be used in those 3Com switches and modules which support GBIC modules. GBICs can be mixed and matched on a given switch to maximize flexibility.

3 - 1000BASE-LX SFP Transceiver
Flexibility in Gigabit Ethernet Connections

This SFP (Small Form-factor Plug-in) transceiver enables one 1000BASE-LX connection. SFPs have a form factor one-half the size of current industry standards.

SFPs can be mixed and matched on a given switch to maximize flexibility. However, the connection and associated port at the remote end must match the chosen SFP connection type.

4 - 1000BASE-T GBIC Transceiver
Flexible Gigabit Ethernet Connections

A Gigabit Interface Converter (GBIC) is an industry-standard modular transceiver that offers increased flexibility for Gigabit Ethernet connections.

This GBIC transceiver can be used in those 3Com switches and modules which support GBIC modules. GBICs can be mixed and matched on a given switch to maximize flexibility.


Note : that our project used items number 2 , that is for single mode.



• Switches











Switch are really just multi ports bridge with more intelligence , they break up collision domain but create one large broadcast domain by default , switch using hardware to filter the network .
A switch is another internetworking device used to manage the bandwidth on a large network. Switches are rapidly becoming one of the most used internetworking devices for connecting even smaller networks because they allow you some control over the use of the bandwidth on the network. A switch, which is often referred to as a "bridge on steroids," controls the flow of data by using the MAC address that is placed on each data packet (which coincides with the MAC address of a particular computer's network card). Switches divide networks into what are called Virtual LANs or VLANs. The great thing about a VLAN, which is a logical grouping of computers on the network into a sort of communication group, is that the computers don't have to be in close proximity or even on the same floor. This allows you to group computers that serve similar types of users into a VLAN. For example, even if your engineers are spread all over your company's office building, their computers can still be made part of the same VLAN, which would share bandwidth.
Switches use a combination of software and hardware to switch packets between computers and other devices on the network.
Switches (because of the aforementioned reasons) are becoming very popular on both small and large networks. They have all but replaced bridges as the internetworking devices for conserving network bandwidth and expanding LANs into larger corporate inter-networks. And they are also making the hub a thing of the past on smaller networks.
Choosing a Network Connectivity Strategy
Now that we have taken a look at the commonly used LAN network architectures, let's concentrate on the different connectivity strategies that can be used to link your computers and other devices together.
Let's take a look at some of the standards for network cables. Then we can look at some of the other connectivity strategies and how they are being used in different LAN settings.

3Com® SuperStack® 3 Switch 4228G 24-Port Plus 2 10/100/1000 and 2 GBIC slots
Affordable, Flexible 10/100 Switching

For copper-wired Ethernet networks that need premium switching performance and the flexibility of Fiber or Copper Gigabit uplinks (via fixed 10/100/1000 or GBIC ports) without the complexity and high price, the 3Com® Super Stack® 3 Switch 4228G is an innovative, yet very practical solution.
This 28-port Ethernet switch combines wire speed Layer 2 switching with easy installation and exceptional reliability. Twenty-four auto sensing 10/100 copper ports provide flexible desktop and workgroup attachments, while two auto sensing 10/100/1000 copper uplink ports support stacking or Gigabit connections, and two flexible GBIC expansion slots enable an additional choice of fiber or copper Gigabit Ethernet backbone and server connections.
Resiliency features such as Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol, link aggregation (for the 10/100/1000 ports), and a redundant power option help ensure uptime. Built-in Gigabit ports can be used as uplinks or for stacking with a mix of other Super Stack 3 Switch 4228G, or with Super Stack 3 Switch 4250T and Switch 4226T units. Up to four units can be stacked for maximum scalability.
Product Specifications
Ports: 24 autosensing 10BASE- T/100BASE-TX, two
10BASE-T/100BASE TX/1000BASE-T,
2 GBIC ports accommodating 1000BASE-SX,
1000BASE-LX, or 1000 BASE-LH70 GBICs
Media Interfaces: RJ-45
Ethernet switching features: Full-rate non blocking on all
Ethernet ports, full/half-duplex auto-negotiation and flow
control, multicast Layer 2 filtering, 802.1Q VLAN
support, 802.1p traffic prioritization, IGMP snooping











Cisco Catalyst 2950G Series Switches




Cisco Catalyst® 2950G-24 is a member of the Catalyst 2950 Series Intelligent Ethernet Switches, and is a fixed-configuration, stackable switch that provides wire-speed Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet connectivity for midsized networks and the metro access edge. The Catalyst 2950 Series is an affordable product line that brings intelligent services, such as enhanced security, high availability and advanced quality of service (QoS), to the network edge while maintaining the simplicity of traditional LAN switching. When a Catalyst 2950 Switch is combined with a Catalyst 3550 Series Switch, the solution can enable IP routing from the edge to the core of the network.
Available for the Catalyst 2950 Series, the Cisco Network Assistant is a free centralized management application that simplifies the administration task of Cisco switches, routers, and wireless access point. Cisco Network Assistant offers user-friendly GUI interface to easily configure, troubleshoot, and enable and monitor the network.
• 24 10/100 ports and two fixed GBIC-based 1000BASE-X uplink ports
• 1 rack unit (RU) stackable switch
• Delivers intelligent services to the network edge
• Enhanced Software Image (EI) installed
• Ideal for advanced desktop access layer connectivity and residential metro access















• Wall mount









Wall Mount Rack Accessories

Our Wall Mount Rack Mount Cabinets have multiple options for Front Doors including Solid Steel, Louvered, Plexiglas, Perforated Steel, and Perforated Steel with Plexiglas insert. All doors are lockable and secure. We offer solid and removable side panels for your convenience. All Wall Mount Cabinet Front Doors are lockable. We also offer multiple rack mount power strips that require only 1U of rack space. An exhaust fan can also be added to any Wall Mount Cabinet for ventilation. And we use wall mounts when we have interconnection between indoor and outdoor cable to extend distant by patch cord cable , and in each wall mount have multi-adapter inside joint two end fiber optic connectors .



• Adapters









Any branch of adapters are designed to optically and mechanically join two fiber optic connectors. Adapters are often used as the interface between a device and the outside world. For this reason adapters are available in a variety of connector and mounting options for different applications. From industry standards to project and/or application specific requirements, Timbercon has virtually any adapter you imaginable.

And also a mechanical media termination device designed to align and join fiber optic connectors. Often referred to as coupling, bulkhead, or interconnect sleeve.




ST-ST Adapters:

• Use the ST-ST adapters in mulitmode applications to couple bushings
ST-SC Adapters:
• The ST-SC adapters convert the SC style and ST style in either single-mode or mulitmode applications
• The ST-SC Duplex adapter accepts two simplex connectors or one duplex connector.


SC-SC Coupling Receptacles:

• Can be used with all SC type connectors.
• Use in single and multimode applications
• The Duplex model accepts two simplex connectors or one duplex connector.

LC-LC Coupling Receptacles:
• Can be used with all LC type connectors.
• Use in single and multimode applications
• The Duplex model accepts two simplex connectors or one duplex connector.


















• Connectors











All type of connectors are mechanical device used to align and join two fibers together to provide a means for attaching to and decoupling from a transmitter, receiver, or another fiber (patch panel). Example like …
Duplex SC and Simplex field terminable connector is user friendly and is designed to adapt cohesively with all SC duplex adapters. The connector can be separated individually, if required and exceeds all industry requirements for fiber multimode applications.
Features:
• Connector can be connected and disconnected many times without degradation in performance
• Termination is simple
• Minimal loss of optical signal across junctions
• Cost effective solution
So any kinks of connector are using the same features and we no need to talk more about that because it is over scope of our project.


- Implementation and Operations

After get signed from customer on our proposal and agreement which we have mention clearly of work plan and scope of work , then immediately assign Engineer accordingly to work plant that have schedule by date , and those Engineer who are involved in this project and much responsible for job operations those included personal safety , equipment safety , time attending etc..

Another things whenever they are delivering all items to customer place , they have to get signature from customer and date issue then engineer should understand that , whenever they are laying the outdoor or indoor cable or we can say to processing the our work success due to some help from customer site like , the main person involved in the project who is the one to describe to their staff or department which related to ,
example ,

1- Security guard need to give permission to our engineer when processing the job .
2- Door should be open when engineer need to do at that room or giving the key .
3- Allow to drill the wall for keeping network accessories , cable , switch , wall mount etc.
4- Provide electrical power.

• Engineer job need to do first is , use cable tester to check continuity of end to end cable in the whole role whether the light coming up or not before laying under ground or sky . If light not come up it mean those cable broken some where and it also easily to return back to factory .

• After cable have laid under ground , then need to check continuity once again to make sure that after pull from one end to another end our cable not broken.

• Check with customer , where to keep the wall mount and switches .

• Drill the wall and screw wall mounts .
• Terminating of outdoor cables with particular connectors and estimate lengthy for future spare.

• Re check continuity of cable after crimping by using optical fiber tester. If it is working then

• Manage outdoor cable into wall mount and plugs to adapter .

• Plugs one end of patch cord cable to adapter and one more end plug to GBIC of the switch that already keeping in the safety place .

• Plug power cable to the Switch and turn it on .

• Assign one engineer to another location which is particular end of cable and see the light on particular port which we have connect fiber optic cable , if the light coming then

• Testing connectivity with computer , bring one laptop if we can , and using straight cable plug into via switch on any UTP port and assign IP address on TCP/IP protocol , eg . ip 192.168.0.1/24 and take one more laptop plug it into one more switch on another end with straight cable and assign ip to 192.168.0.2/24 then using ping command to test each other.

Ping from 192.168.0.2













Ping from 192.168.0.1














• Then print the report of connectivity and give it to customer and getting sign then jobs completed




VI- Scope and Limitation

To implementing in success projects , scope is very important which we have to set properly before starting the work , and in our scope we have set very clear and have one hard copy to customer, this we can call as agreement as bellow ,

• To provide Detailed design of the Network (data)
• Provide the Technical Specifications of the material used
• Carryout the project based on designed network.
• Drilling / Making holes to route the conduit for cabling.
• Laying the Cable, Routing the cable in conduit from END User point to Termination Points as per diagram.
• Terminating the end user points.
• Test the Network for Industry Standards with procedure defined by manufacture
• Test Communication for each point
• Certify the Network setup
• Print reports.

Out of scope
Unable to carryout the work due to internal problems behind our backbone connectivity .

Please read more detail on Implementing and Operation session

VII- Conclusion
Finally our project have done properly with documents reported and payment settled . And then we totally provide this whole equipments in this project to customer and explain them how to maintenance those equipments including troubleshooting guideline . And one more things is let customer understand well about fiber optic cable then they will know how to careful with this or how to maintained it .
Advantages of optical fibers over wires
• low loss, so repeater-less transmission over long distances is possible
• large data-carrying capacity (thousands of times greater)
• immunity to electromagnetic interference, including nuclear electromagnetic pulses (but can be damaged by alpha and beta radiation)
• high electrical resistance, so safe to use near high-voltage equipment or between areas with different earth potentials
• low weight
• signals contain very little power
Disadvantages of optical fibers compared to wires
• higher cost
• need for more expensive optical transmitters and receivers
• more difficult and expensive to splice than wires
• at higher optical powers, is susceptible to "fiber fuse" wherein a bit too much light meeting with an imperfection can destroy several meters per second
• Can damage your eye if you put your eye direct to glad of fiber optic.
• fiber fuse" detection circuitry at the transmitter can break the circuit and halt the failure to minimize damage.
• cannot carry electrical power to operate terminal devices (Note: current telecommunication trends greatly reduce this concern: availability of cell phones and wireless PDAs; the routine inclusion of back-up batteries in communication devices; lack of real interest in hybrid metal-fiber cables; increased use of fiber-based intermediate systems)

VIII = Project Certification
After the project hundred percent done, both of customer and suppliers have to meet each other for final time to discuss and verified the project .
Explain the customer about project have been done properly and give more advices to customer or suggest some idea for future plans, we can say , do as business partner “ Vender and Supplier” let business close together . Investments in Networking Designed can allow a business to lock in customers and supplier (and lock out competitors ) by building valuable new relationship with them . This can deter both customers and suppliers from abandoning a firm for its competitors or intimidating a firm into accepting less-profitable relationship . and improving the quality of service to customer , distribution , marketing , sales, and service activities .
And let customer have the own feed back , what is customer recommendation or suggestion and verify to our project .

Fiber Optic History

Figure 1 - John Tyndall’s Experiment



In 1870, John Tyndall, using a jet of water that flowed from one container to another and a beam of light, demonstrated that light used internal reflection to follow a specific path. As water poured out through the spout of the first container, Tyndall directed a beam of sunlight at the path of the water. The light, as seen by the audience, followed a zigzag path inside the curved path of the water. This simple experiment, illustrated in Figure 1, marked the first research into the guided transmission of light.
William Wheeling, in 1880, patented a method of light transfer called “piping light.” Wheeling believed that by using mirrored pipes branching off from a single source of illumination, i.e. a bright electric arc, he could send the light to many different rooms in the same way that water, through plumbing, is carried throughout buildings today. Due to the ineffectiveness of Wheeling’s idea and to the concurrent introduction of Edison’s highly successful incandescent light bulb, the concept of piping light never took off.
That same year, Alexander Graham Bell developed an optical voice transmission system he called the photophone. The photophone used free-space light to carry the human voice 200 meters. Specially placed mirrors reflected sunlight onto a diaphragm attached within the mouthpiece of the photophone. At the other end, mounted within a parabolic reflector, was a light-sensitive selenium resistor. This resistor was connected to a battery that was, in turn, wired to a telephone receiver. As one spoke into the photophone, the illuminated diaphragm vibrated, casting various intensities of light onto the selenium resistor. The changing intensity of light altered the current that passed through the telephone receiver which then converted the light back into speech. Bell believed this invention was superior to the telephone because it did not need wires to connect the transmitter and receiver. Today, free-space optical links find extensive use in metropolitan applications.
THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
Fiber optic technology experienced a phenomenal rate of progress in the second half of the twentieth century. Early success came during the 1950’s with the development of the fiberscope. This image-transmitting device, which used the first practical all-glass fiber, was concurrently devised by Brian O’Brien at the American Optical Company and Narinder Kapany (who first coined the term “fiber optics” in 1956) and colleagues at the Imperial College of Science and Technology in London. Early all-glass fibers experienced excessive optical loss, the loss of the light signal as it traveled the fiber, limiting transmission distances. Figure 2 - Optical Fiber with Cladding


This motivated scientists to develop glass fibers that included a separate glass coating. The innermost region of the fiber, or core, was used to transmit the light, while the glass coating, or cladding, prevented the light from leaking out of the core by reflecting the light within the boundaries of the core. This concept is explained by Snell’s Law which states that the angle at which light is reflected is dependent on the refractive indices of the two materials — in this case, the core and the cladding. The lower refractive index of the cladding (with respect to the core) causes the light to be angled back into the core as illustrated in Figure 2.

The fiberscope quickly found application inspecting welds inside reactor vessels and combustion chambers of jet aircraft engines as well as in the medical field. Fiberscope technology has evolved over the years to make laparoscopic surgery one of the great medical advances of the twentieth century.
The development of laser technology was the next important step in the establishment of the industry of fiber optics. Only the laser diode (LD) or its lower-power cousin, the light-emitting diode (LED), had the potential to generate large amounts of light in a spot tiny enough to be useful for fiber optics. In 1957, Gordon Gould popularized the idea of using lasers when, as a graduate student at Columbia University, he described the laser as an intense light source. Shortly after, Charles Townes and Arthur Schawlow at Bell Laboratories supported the laser in scientific circles. Lasers went through several generations including the development of the ruby laser and the helium-neon laser in 1960. Semiconductor lasers were first realized in 1962; these lasers are the type most widely used in fiber optics today.
Because of their higher modulation frequency capability, the importance of lasers as a means of carrying information did not go unnoticed by communications engineers. Light has an information-carrying capacity 10,000 times that of the highest radio frequencies being used. However, the laser is unsuited for open-air transmission because it is adversely affected by environmental conditions such as rain, snow, hail, and smog. Faced with the challenge of finding a transmission medium other than air, Charles Kao and Charles Hockham, working at the Standard Telecommunication Laboratory in England in 1966, published a landmark paper proposing that optical fiber might be a suitable transmission medium if its attenuation could be kept under 20 decibels per kilometer (dB/km). At the time of this proposal, optical fibers exhibited losses of 1,000 dB/ km or more. At a loss of only 20 dB/km, 99% of the light would be lost over only 3,300 feet. In other words, only 1/100th of the optical power that was transmitted reached the receiver. Intuitively, researchers postulated that the current, higher optical losses were the result of impurities in the glass and not the glass itself. An optical loss of 20 dB/km was within the capability of the electronics and opto-electronic components of the day.
Intrigued by Kao and Hockham’s proposal, glass researchers began to work on the problem of purifying glass. In 1970, Drs. Robert Maurer, Donald Keck, and Peter Schultz of Corning succeeded in developing a glass fiber that exhibited attenuation at less than 20 dB/km, the threshold for making fiber optics a viable technology. It was the purest glass ever made.
The early work on fiber optic light source and detector was slow and often had to borrow technology developed for other reasons. For example, the first fiber optic light sources were derived from visible indicator LEDs. As demand grew, light sources were developed for fiber optics that offered higher switching speed, more appropriate wavelengths, and higher output power. For more information on light emitters see Laser Diodes and LEDs.

Figure 3 - Four Wavelength Regions of Optical Fiber

Fiber optics developed over the years in a series of generations that can be closely tied to wavelength. Figure 3 shows three curves. The top, dashed, curve corresponds to early 1980’s fiber, the middle, dotted, curve corresponds to late 1980’s fiber, and the bottom, solid, curve corresponds to modern optical fiber. The earliest fiber optic systems were developed at an operating wavelength of about 850 nm. This wavelength corresponds to the so-called “first window” in a silica-based optical fiber. This window refers to a wavelength region that offers low optical loss. It sits between several large absorption peaks caused primarily by moisture in the fiber and Rayleigh scattering.

The 850 nm region was initially attractive because the technology for light emitters at this wavelength had already been perfected in visible indicator LEDs. Low-cost silicon detectors could also be used at the 850 nm wavelength. As technology progressed, the first window became less attractive because of its relatively high 3 dB/km loss limit.
Most companies jumped to the “second window” at 1310 nm with lower attenuation of about 0.5 dB/km. In late 1977, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) developed the “third window” at 1550 nm. It offered the theoretical minimum optical loss for silica-based fibers, about 0.2 dB/km.
Today, 850 nm, 1310 nm, and 1550 nm systems are all manufactured and deployed along with very low-end, short distance, systems using visible wavelengths near 660 nm. Each wavelength has its advantage. Longer wavelengths offer higher performance, but always come with higher cost. The shortest link lengths can be handled with wavelengths of 660 nm or 850 nm. The longest link lengths require 1550 nm wavelength systems. A “fourth window,” near 1625 nm, is being developed. While it is not lower loss than the 1550 nm window, the loss is comparable, and it might simplify some of the complexities of long-length, multiple-wavelength communications systems.
APPLICATIONS IN THE REAL WORLD
The U.S. military moved quickly to use fiber optics for improved communications and tactical systems. In the early 1970’s, the U.S. Navy installed a fiber optic telephone link aboard the U.S.S. Little Rock. The Air Force followed suit by developing its Airborne Light Optical Fiber Technology (ALOFT) program in 1976. Encouraged by the success of these applications, military R&D programs were funded to develop stronger fibers, tactical cables, ruggedized, high-performance components, and numerous demonstration systems ranging from aircraft to undersea applications.
Commercial applications followed soon after. In 1977, both AT&T and GTE installed fiber optic telephone systems in Chicago and Boston respectively. These successful applications led to the increase of fiber optic telephone networks. By the early 1980’s, single-mode fiber operating in the 1310 nm and later the 1550 nm wavelength windows became the standard fiber installed for these networks. Initially, computers, information networks, and data communications were slower to embrace fiber, but today they too find use for a transmission system that has lighter weight cable, resists lightning strikes, and carries more information faster and over longer distances.
The broadcast industry also embraced fiber optic transmission. In 1980, broadcasters of the Winter Olympics, in Lake Placid, New York, requested a fiber optic video transmission system for backup video feeds. The fiber optic feed, because of its quality and reliability, soon became the primary video feed, making the 1980 Winter Olympics the first fiber optic television transmission. Later, at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway, fiber optics transmitted the first ever digital video signal, an application that continues to evolve today.
In the mid-1980’s the United States government deregulated telephone service, allowing small telephone companies to compete with the giant, AT&T. Companies like MCI and Sprint quickly went to work installing regional fiber optic telecommunications networks throughout the world. Taking advantage of railroad lines, gas pipes, and other natural rights of way, these companies laid miles fiber optic cable, allowing the deployment of these networks to continue throughout the 1980’s. However, this created the need to expand fiber’s transmission capabilities.
In 1990, Bell Labs transmitted a 2.5 Gb/s signal over 7,500 km without regeneration. The system used a soliton laser and an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) that allowed the light wave to maintain its shape and density. In 1998, they went one better as researchers transmitted 100 simultaneous optical signals, each at a data rate of 10 gigabits (giga means billion) per second for a distance of nearly 250 miles (400 km). In this experiment, dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM technology, which allows multiple wavelengths to be combined into one optical signal, increased the total data rate on one fiber to one terabit per second (1012 bits per second).
For more information on fiber optic applications see Fiber Optic Transport Solutions

THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY AND BEYOND
Today, DWDM technology continues to develop. As the demand for data bandwidth increases, driven by the phenomenal growth of the Internet, the move to optical networking is the focus of new technologies. At this writing, nearly half a billion people have Internet access and use it regularly. Some 40 million or more households are “wired.” The world wide web already hosts over 2 billion web pages, and according to estimates people upload more than 3.5 million new web pages everyday. Figure 4 - Projected Internet Traffic Increases


The important factor in these developments is the increase in fiber transmission capacity, which has grown by a factor of 200 in the last decade. Figure 5 illustrates this trend.
Because of fiber optic technology’s immense potential bandwidth, 50 THz or greater, there are extraordinary possibilities for future fiber optic applications. Already, the push to bring broadband services, including data, audio, and especially video, into the home is well underway. Figure 5 - The Growth of Optical Fiber Transmission Capacity


Broadband service available to a mass market opens up a wide variety of interactive communications for both consumers and businesses, bringing to reality interactive video networks, interactive banking and shopping from the home, and interactive distance learning. The “last mile” for optical fiber goes from the curb to the television set top, known as fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) and fiber-to-the-curb (FTTC), allowing video on demand to become a reality.

My classmats at BBU class MScIT

Nº Name Phone E-mail
1 Ly Chanchamrong 012 521421 cly1@worldbank.org or cham_rong@yahoo.com
2 Im Simuch 016 330039 simuch_love@yahoo.com
3 Chea Norin 012 552827 chea_norin@yahoo.com
4 Chhea Chansothea 092 808700 chhea.chansothea@yahoo.com
5 Toch Vutha 012 838912 vutha@corp.mekongnet.com.kh
6 May Bunthoeun 012 504994 thoeun_may@yahoo.com
7 Ros Limseng 011 738672 N/A
8 Ky Soklay 016 757337 soklayky@yahoo.com
9 Leng Sereywath 012 998007 sereywath.leng@yahoo.com or @gmail.com
10 Khat Samnang 012 829321 samnang@forteinsurance.com or ksamnang@gmail.com

Our Angkor

Angkor is the most important monument of the south-east Asian Khmer Empire and the world’s largest sacred temple. Built during the reign of King Suryavaman, at the beginning of the 12th century, Angkor is noted for its intricate ornamentation and striking beauty. With its water moats, concentric walls and magnificent temple mountain in the center, Angkor Wat symbolizes the Hindu cosmos, with its oceans at the periphery and the Meru Mountain at the center of its universe.